Article 1: The Association Between Enamel Fluorosis and Dental Caries in U.S. Schoolchildren 

1. What was the estimated prevalence of enamel fluorosis, with all levels of severity combined, among 6- to 19-year-old people in the United States between 1999 and 2002?
Select answer A. 9 percent B. 16 percent C. 24 percent D. 32 percent

2. Which one of the following was associated with the lowest mean decayed, missing or filled surface (DMFS) scores based on the child-level data presented?
Select answer A. very mild fluorosis B. mild fluorosis C. moderate fluorosis D. severe fluorosis

3. The lowest tooth-level mean DMFS score was observed for teeth with fluorosis in each of the following groups except which one?
Select answer A. water fluoride content less than 0.3 parts per million (ppm) B. water fluoride content 0.3 to 0.7 ppm C. water fluoride content 0.7 to 1.2 ppm D. water fluoride content greater than 1.2 ppm

4. What was the adjusted odds ratio for caries prevalence in permanent maxillary right first molars with fluorosis in children who attended school in locations with nonoptimal water fluoride levels?
Select answer A. 0.71 B. 1.13 C. 1.28 D. 1.47

Article 2: Improving Clinical Retention of One-Step Self-Etching Adhesive Systems With an Additional Hydrophobic Adhesive Layer 

1. How many of the restorations evaluated at 18 months were rated as being associated with postoperative sensitivity?
Select answer A. none B. five C. seven D. 11

2. How many of the restorations evaluated at 18 months were rated as having marginal discoloration?
Select answer A. 19 B. 27 C. 31 D. 42

3. Which one of the following groups had the lowest 18-month retention rate?
Select answer A. 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid- (4-MET-) adhesive without additional adhesive coat B. 4-MET adhesive with additional hydrophobic adhesive coat C. 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) adhesive without additional adhesive coat D. 10-MDP adhesive with additional hydrophobic adhesive coat

4. Which one of the following was proposed by the authors as a mechanism that could potentially explain this study's findings for the use of an additional resin layer?
Select answer A. It aids in retaining water that would otherwise evaporate from the adhesive. B. It draws water from underlying dentin into the adhesive. C. It reduces the concentration of retained water and solvent in the adhesive. D. It increases the hydrophylicity of the adhesive layer.

Article 3: Genetic Variations Associated With Red Hair Color and Fear of Dental Pain, Anxiety Regarding Dental Care and Avoidance of Dental Care 

1. Which one of the following do the authors report from previously published studies regarding anesthesia sensitivity among humans with melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene variants?
Select answer A. reduced sensitivity to general anesthesia only B. reduced sensitivity to both general and cutaneous local anesthesia C. increased sensitivity to general anesthesia only D. increased sensitivity to both general and cutaneous local anesthesia

2. What percentage of red-haired study participants reported avoiding going to the dentist?
Select answer A. 18 percent B. 27 percent C. 34 percent D. 46 percent

3. Which one of the following correctly lists the statistically significant factors observed in the final regression model for predicting dental treatment-related anxiety scores?
Select answer A. trait anxiety only B. trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity only C. trait anxiety and MC1R gene variant status only D. trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and MC1R gene variant status

4. What odds ratio was observed for those with the MC1R gene variant versus those without it in a statistical model predicting likelihood of avoiding dental treatment?
Select answer A. 0.86 B. 1.34 C. 1.98 D. 2.46

Article 4: In Vitro Enamel Erosion Associated With Commercially Available Original-Flavor and Sour Versions of Candies 

1. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Select answer A. In water, all sour candies had a lower pH than did the original-flavor versions. B. In artificial saliva, all sour candies had a lower pH than did the original-flavor versions. C. Only one original-flavor candy had a lower pH in water than it had in artificial saliva. D. All sour candies had a lower pH in water than they had in artificial saliva.

2. Which one of the following had the lowest pH when dissolved in artificial saliva?
Select answer A. Sour Twizzlers (Twerpz, Y&S Candies, Lancaster, Pa.) B. Sour Life Savers (Sours, Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co., Chicago) C. Original-flavor Jolly Rancher (Original Flavors, The Hershey Company, Hershey, Pa.) D. Original-flavor Mike & Ike (Original Fruits, Just Born, Bethlehem, Pa.)

3. When dissolved in artificial saliva, which one of the following produced the greatest mean lesion depth in teeth after 25 hours of exposure?
Select answer A. Original-flavor Jolly Rancher B. Original-flavor Life Savers C. Sour Mike & Ike D. Sour Twizzlers

4. For all original-flavor and sour candies combined, in water and in artificial saliva, which of the following was observed to be significantly associated with greater enamel lesion depth?
Select answer A. lower initial slurry pH only B. higher titratable acidity only C. both lower initial slurry pH and higher titratable acidity D. neither lower initial slurry pH nor higher titratable acidity

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