Article 1: Assessing a Potential Risk Factor for Enamel Fluorosis: A Preliminary Evaluation of Fluoride Content in Infant Formulas 

1. When reconstituted with deionized water, which one of the following infant formula types had the lowest concentration of fluoride?
Select answer A. milk-based powder concentrate B. soy-based powder concentrate C. milk-based liquid concentrate D. soy-based liquid concentrate

2. When reconstituted with deionized water, which one of the following infant formula types had the highest concentration of fluoride?
Select answer A. milk-based powder concentrate B. soy-based powder concentrate C. milk-based liquid concentrate D. soy-based liquid concentrate

3. Most infants’ fluoride intake will exceed the upper tolerable limit if they are exclusively fed powdered infant formula reconstituted with water containing which one of the following fluoride concentrations?
Select answer A. 1.0 parts per milllion B. 0.4 ppm C. 0.2 ppm D. 0.1 ppm

4. Infants between 6 and 12 months of age are unlikely to receive adequate fluoride intake levels if they are exclusively fed liquid concentrate infant formula reconstituted with water containing less than what fluoride concentration?
Select answer A. 0.7 ppm B. 0.6 ppm C. 0.5 ppm D. 0.4 ppm

Article 2: Poor Oral Hygiene as a Risk Factor for Infective Endocarditis–Related Bacteremia 

1. What percentage of participants in the toothbrushing group experienced infective endocarditis–related bacteremia?
Select answer A. 18.4 percent B. 22.5 percent C. 39.7 percent D. 51.6 percent

2. What was the increase in risk of developing bacteremia associated with each increased year of age among participants in the toothbrushing group?
Select answer A. 2 percent B. 4 percent C. 6 percent D. 8 percent

3. What increase in risk of developing bacteremia was observed for participants in the toothbrushing group with calculus scores of two or greater?
Select answer A. 1.76-fold increase B. 3.45-fold increase C. 4.43-fold increase D. 5.21-fold increase

4. Which one of the following was associated with the largest increase in the risk of developing bacteremia among participants in the toothbrushing group?
Select answer A. mean plaque score B. plaque score greater than or equal to 2 C. generalized bleeding with toothbrushing D. tooth mobility score

Article 3: Assessing the Effect of a Desensitizing Agent Used Before In-Office Tooth Bleaching 

1. What was the mean change in shade guide units (SGUs) for participants in the experimental group after two bleaching treatments?
Select answer A. 4.8 SGUs B. 5.6 SGUs C. 6.2 SGUs D. 7.3 SGUs

2. What percentage of participants in the experimental group experienced tooth sensitivity on the day of the bleaching treatment?
Select answer A. 29.2 percent B. 46.7 percent C. 64.3 percent D. 82.7 percent

3. What was the predominant level of sensitivity reported by participants in the experimental group?
Select answer A. mild B. moderate C. considerable D. severe

4. What percentage of participants in the placebo group did not experience tooth sensitivity during the bleaching treatment regimen?
Select answer A. 13.3 percent B. 21.6 percent C. 29.1 percent D. 33.4 percent

Article 4: Microbial Biofilms in Osteomyelitis of the Jaw and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Secondary to Bisphosphonate Therapy 

1. What percentage of microbial diseases treated by physicians in the developed world are thought to have etiologies explained by biofilm theory?
Select answer A. 20 to 35 percent B. 45 to 60 percent C. 65 to 80 percent D. more than 90 percent

2. What proportion of bone specimens from sites affected by osteonecrosis of the jaw were found to have large surface areas occluded with biofilms?
Select answer A. about 25 percent of specimens B. about 50 percent of specimens C. about 75 percent of specimens D. all specimens

3. In specimens from sites affected by osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ), what was the predominant type of bacteria observed in the biofilm?
Select answer A. fusobacterium B. actinomyces C. streptococcus D. selenomonas

4. Which of the following was not typically observed at sites affected by OMJ in this study?
Select answer A. largely monospecies biofilm B. resorption lacunae on the surface of the bone C. neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes D. eukaryotic cells such as osteoclasts

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